Mary Shelleys Frankenstei Essay Example for Free

Mary Shelleys Frankenstei EssayThe audience is made to feel that Frankenstein himself is evil, for playing with life and mocking God. The sounds made by the fiend are similar to those made by wild animals, but overly they sound like the monster is in pain, which would view as sense as Frankenstein has just rejected him. We see Frankensteins former professor talking through a gate. This signifies the difference of opinion and belief between the 2 doctors. Sound effects are used very well in the creation scene, especially the non-diagetic musical score that has been added. It is mainly in a modest key, but has drastic changes to a major key when there is extra tension in the frame. It creates a build up, and when there is suddenly a split up with no music, tension is created, then when something dramatic happens, the audience shows a greater reaction. The use of diagetic and non-diagetic sound is very good in this scene, for example when the electrical probes go into the mon sters feet and there is the sound of crunching bone. This is diagetic sound. Music is an example of non-diagetic sound.The sudden silences at some points in the scene allow the audience a chance to reflect upon the loathsomeness and reality of what Frankenstein has done. Camera angles are used to behave the scene more effective and more enticing to the viewer. If there is a large quantity of action and change in photographic camera angles, then the dead reckoning is used to create responses in the audience. There are many randomly strange camera angles in the creation scene, and we dont really ever see the whole of the creatures body when it comes out of the copper vat, this is because the monster was made of lots of parts and wasnt really a slay person in the doctors eyes.In the creation scene, we experience many different shot types, such as an extreme low angle shot when the monster is being lifted into the air on the body tray. This is to symbolise the life being created a nd is mocking God. The mis-en-scene of the frame when Victor is running up to the dais in his large billowing coat is very cluttered, which in my opinion represents his mind being a jumble of thoughts. I think there are a lot of shots in the creation scene that represent the stigmata of Christ. For example, when the spikes are driven into the feet and hands of the monster when he is not alive, in the copper vat.And the extreme close-up shot of Frankensteins head, then of the creatures head. The doctors head bears no (visible) injury, but his creation has huge scars as if his head had been crowned with thorns. Also, there is the part where the monster is lowered into the copper vat, which looks interrogatively like a sarcophagus (a type of coffin used to bury Egyptian pharaohs in ancient times), this represents the descent into hell that Frankenstein is embarking on. This is mocking God yet again, and shows the delinquency of Victor Frankenstein. When we see the low-angle shot of t he monster hanging on the chains, it resembles the crucifixion of Christ.There are violins playing at this point, which symbolises the loneliness that Victor is feeling from the outride of the world. There are many different visual effects used in the creation scene, such as the lighting striking the window tail assembly the monster, when he appears in Frankensteins bedroom. Another special effect was the make-up used on the monsters face to make it look more dramatic and horrifying. There is also the amniotic fluid that the monster is born in, when that spills out the copper vat, it makes the audience feel sick and repulsed.Only diagetic sounds are used at this point, there is no music. When the monster is lifted up to the ceiling, the circle of light around the body represents Leonardo Da Vincis Vitruvian Man, which is a drawing that shows the proportions of a perfect human body. This is wry as most of the monster was made of murderers and criminals- hardly perfect people. The editing in the creation scene is very clever, I have previously mentioned the referee being super-imposed over a frame there is also the part where all the scientific equipment is displayed.One shot dissolves into another, which resembles them being combined together to make the monster. The pace in the scene changes from being very fast when Frankenstein is giving the monster life, to a lot slower when the monster is born and trying to impasse up. Overall, I think that Branagh has made the film much more appealing to the audience by using the effects available to him. He uses location, costume, characterisation, dialogue, sound effects, camera angles. Shot types, visual effects, editing, and pace to make a very effective film.I am most impressed by the way he guide between the lines of the Mary Shelley novel to give the audience lots to think about. I also liked the way he used discreet oath to show that what Victor Frankenstein was doing was immoral and mocking God. I think th at Branagh has more than done justice to the Shelley novel. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text edition This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Mary Shelley section.

Romeo and Juliet Essay Example for Free

Romeo and Juliet EssayThe tragedy of Romeo and Juliet was pre-ordained by fate there was nonhing that any of the lineaments could do to prevent their deaths. Fate is a thing that nobody can run hide or escape from it is precisely going to happen. The author refers to things like star crossd chousers. This shows the reader that they were made to fall in manage and death markd love which suggests that they were made to die if they fell in love, which is also a warning of what might happen. However, there are also references to ancient grade and to parents rage which suggests that it is non only fate that has a part in their deaths but also human intervention. Actually the part played by few of the characters directly resulted in the deaths of the two principal characters. Romeos fri closure, Benvolio, has a great deal to answer for. He knew perfectly well that it was wrong to admittance crash noble Capulets party. He must have known that the discovery of his friends pres ence there would cause serious disquiet, especially to Tybalt.Nevertheless, he encouraged Romeo to go because he had blend morbid after his break up with Rosaline and therefore needed cheering up by meeting other girls and as such compare his ladys love against some other maid That I will show you shining at this feast, (Act 1, flick 2, lines 97 and 98). We know that the party was a masquerade, but the hazard that Romeo would be discovered was high. Inevitably this was the case, and, of course, it was Romeos number one foe, Tybalt, who made the discovery.No one can criticise Tybalts reaction on remarking out that Romeo had had the hardihood to enter the home of his familys enemy, the Capulets. This by his voice should be a Montague. Fetch me my rapier boy. (Act 1, thought 5, lines 53 and 54) would be a natural reaction of or so men on fixing an enemy in their camp. Right at the beginning of this tragedy the feud between the two families is immediately brought to our attenti on. The opening pictorial matter involves servants of the two houses making antagonistic noises to each other, enticing one another to fight. We find Benvolio intervening when he says Part, fallsPut up your s address -you know not what to do. (Act 1, scene 1 lines 56 and 57. ) No reason is given of how the feud started but we know that it has been going on for some time and has affected the lives of the citizens of Verona. non only is Benvolio fed up with the continual feuding but also the ruler of Verona. We know this because the Prince of Verona decided that he and the city has had enough and vows to put an end to it. In a protracted speech he lays down the law and says in very plain language If you ever disturb our streets again, your lives shall pay the forfeit of peace.(Act 1, exposure 1, lines 88 and 89. ) Therefore, he declares publicly that all future fights will be severely dealt with and offenders will pay with their lives. Tybalt was a man whose soul purpose on life w as to defend his familys honour. The only way to do this was by fighting. His language was naturally that of a hard man. Right at the beginning we see this typeface of Tybalt when he confronts Benvolio with the words, What, drawn, and talk peace I hate the word, as I hate hell, all Montagues and thee Have at thee coward (Act 1, Scene 1, lines 62, 63 and 64.) No wonder Tybalt was furious at Romeo for insulting his family honour by his uninvited presence at the party. Of course he wanted to evict Romeo from the party immediately. If he had vindicatory been allowed to do so maybe this tragedy could have been avoided, but he wasnt, thanks to the intervention of his uncle. Therefore, superior Capulet could be held responsible for his own daughters death. He was wholly out of order when he took his nephew to one side and gave him a good dressing down. He shall be endured. What, goodman boy, I say he shall, go toAm I the master here, or you? Go to (Act 1, Scene 5, lines 75, 76 and 77). Go to, go to, You are a saucy boy. Ist so indeed? This trick may chance the scathe you, I know what. You must contrary me Marry, tis time. Well said my hearts -You are a princox, go (Act 1, Scene 5, lines 82, 83, 84, 85 and 86). These words were designed to hurt. To be called an insolent boy by his uncle must have been very upsetting and hard to swallow. It must have made Tybalt so angry and humiliated that a duel to the death between him and Romeo was inevitable.In the initial stages of the romance, Juliets nurse was fully aware of what was going on and made no bowel movement to stop it. In fact she acted as an eager go-between and after being satisfied with Romeos good intentions towards her mistress appears to be encouraging the romance. During a colloquy between her and Romeo he asks the nurse to convey his greetings to his beloved and she replies Ay, a thousand times. (Act 2, Scene 4, line 186). It was her solemn duty to her employer to protect his daughter from unin vited suitors. Girls from profuse high-born families were seen as assets, as a means of trading up in the social hierarchy.This is evident from the conversation between Juliets father and Paris prior to Lord Capulets party. Paris discloses his intentions towards Juliet and Lord Capulet, although mindful of his daughters age, agrees to the mating But woo her, gentle Paris, get her heart, My will to her consent is but a part And she agreed, within her stretch of choice (Act 1, Scene 2, lines 16, 17, 18 and 19). If the nurse had done her job properly and reported to her employer as to what was going on then steps could have been interpreted to shield Juliet from Romeos advances.Probably, the one who contributed the most to the downfall of Romeo and Juliet must be Friar Lawrence. Although he meant well in that he thought that a marriage would end the feuding his actions were totally unprofessional and not that of a man of the church. His concern was that Romeo and Juliet should not c ommit a mortal sin by having sex outside marriage was the main reason for him performing the ceremony. His closing remarks after meeting Romeo and Juliet was Come, come with me, and we will make short work, For, by your leaves, you shall not stay alone work holy church incorporate two in one. (Act 2, Scene 6, lines 34 to 37). He knew that Juliet was deceiving her parents and he should have condemned her behaviour as he also knew just how old she was. Even her own father thought she was too young to marry as was disclosed in his dialogue with Paris where he says She hath not seen the change of fourteen years, Let two more summers wither in their pride, Ere we may think her to be a ripe bride. (Act 1, Scene 2, lines 8 to 11). As for his ridiculous scheme, including the faking of Juliets death, this defies all comprehension.Even if successful he must have known that she could never return home and he has, in fact, banished her for life from twain her family and community. There is n o doubt in my mind that the most significant player to the downfall of the two principal characters was Juliet herself. Throughout the play she was deceitful and unceasingly lied to her parents. Her mother was concerned about her daughters welfare and thought that her tearful moods were as a consequence of her cousins death Evermore weeping for your cousins death? (Act 3, Scene 5, line 69). Juliet went out of her way to encourage her mothers interpretation of her emotional state by replying, Yet let me weep for such a feeling loss. (Act 3, Scene 5, line 74). She was pretending to her mother that her hurt was for Tybalt and not for the murderer, Romeo, with the following lines And yet no man like he doth grieve my heart. (Act 3, Scene 5, line 83), and Ay, madam, from the nettle of these my hands. Would none but I might revenge my cousins death. (Act 3, Scene 5, lines 85 and 86).She even goes on to denounce Romeo completely when she states to her mother Is my heart, so for a kinsm an vexed. Madam, if you could find out but a man To bear a poison, I would temper it, That Romeo should upon receipt thereof Soon sleep in quiet. (Act 3, Scene 5, lines 95-99). As I said in my opening paragraph the story of Romeo and Juliet was a tragedy in the making. It was doomed from the start because these two young people broke all the conventions of that era. Juliet most certainly did not have her parents consent and it must be inferred that neither did Romeo.It would be highly unlikely that the two families, who had been feuding for a extensive time, would have wanted any of their offspring marring. Nevertheless, it was an affair that could have been so easily stopped by those who were privy to what was going on. Not one of these characters, who were by the way all adults, took on the responsibility of bringing a sense of proportion and integrity to what can only be described in todays order as a sordid affair. A similar story in contemporary times would receive the atte ntion of the police.The one thing that I find incomprehensible is the interaction between Juliets father, Lord Capulet, and his nephew Tybalt at the party. Why he humiliated Tybalt in such a manner is, for me, totally out of character with the essence of the play. Knowing the background of the play I would have thought that the logical response of Lord Capulet on finding out that a Montague had gate crashed his party would have been to have him thrown out. The tragedy of his actions was the death of his beloved daughter. If he had allowed Tybalt to perform his duty, Juliet would have probably married Paris.

Importance of information systems

Importance of education systemsAbstractThe following paper explains the richness of information systems in E- descent and the limitations of information systems on the E-headache. The report explicates different information systems used in E-business. similarly the report gives the advantages and limitations of E-business and its resultant architectures. The discussion in the paper is special(a) to the information systems architectures, Advantages, Limitations and does not include the strategies in it. (http//www.aeablogs.org/eakd/files/Zachman_s_Original_1987_Paper.pdf)IntroductionAn study system (IS) is a combination of computing systems used in a organisation and the activities performed on them in place to nutrition the organisation and also help in decision making process. In other terms IS is used to collect, process, store, analyze and sprinkle information for specific purpose (Turban 2008, pg 13). training systems cause large role in the implementation of E-business in the past decade. Due to the increased complexity in the designs and the direct of complexity in the systems (Information Technology) used on Online markets are forcing E-business to use some logical architecture of Information systems in order to make the design, functionality and processes estimate simpler and ease. Information systems has not only provided the level of cost-effective solutions but also helped in terms of human work force i.e., combination of Information applied science and human involvement reduced the risk of failures in E-business. For example EBay and Amazon are some of the E-business organizations that are successfully using Information systems in their chance(a) business activities. Information architecture is a physical plan of how the information assets in an organization are arranges which includes the physical designs of the buildings, hardware and other physical assets of the company. Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) is another ar ea of study that helps in processing and transfer of info and information electronically that is used for information system and also provides the substructure for intra- and inter-organisational information systems.(http//www. pervertingcourse.com/ukais/isdefn.pdf) Below shown is the sample figure of the architecture of an organization.The above figure illustrates the Information infrastructure in an Online Airline Company. The picture also explains how the process in that organization takes in their day to day activities. Whether stringning an airline or an airport, the right information systems can have a critical impact in the operating costs, operating effectiveness, and customer satisfaction. Some of the potential features of Information Systems are Combine resources and collaborate with each other anytime, anywhere.Increase the efficiency and effectiveness of stack working in a group in several locations.Effective decision-making.Reach global market efficiently.Informatio n Systems in E-businessIn order to earn E-business, we must first learn the definition of E-commerce. It is nothing but buying and selling of crossroads and services over electronic networks (Internet). While E-business focuses on the strategies, that gives more importance and to the functionalities that evolve are determined as potential features of the Information systems in E-business. So, E-commerce is a subset of E-business (Wikipedia, E-business). E-business can also be described as integration of business strategies, processes and technologies. Some of the application areas of E-business are Customer Relationship concern (CRM), Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP), Supply Chain Management (SCM) and Human Resource Management (HRM). The two basic strategies conducted over internet are business to customer (B2C) and business to business (B2B). For an effective and efficient E-business, Information systems are very crucial. Information systems simplifies the business process in volved, whether it is the transactions, decision making, customer relationships or the managerial issues (http//springerlink.metapress.com/content/ptgfbtkj67d8wwr6/fulltext.pdf?page=1). Information systems are widely used in E-businesses these days.Electronic business is a wide area where IS can be used in many processes. IS are used in the transactions, services and strategies in the E-business thus stating them as a backb superstar(a) for any business process. IS architecture are well understood but the thoughtual specification of information systems for business process integration remains an open methodology in terms of managerial perspective. Some of the advantages of E-business are Worldwide Presence One of the biggest advantages of promoting E-business online is its presence in the global market. For example, IBM was one of the initial companies to adapt E-business in the areas of servicing customers and collaborating with different business organization around the globe. D ell on the other hand has an efficient business selling their products all over the globe through telephone and the Internet.Cost Effective Marketing and Promotions Buy being in the global market on the blade enables the organizations to reach their customers at normal prices or even discounted prices as the middle man costs are reduces in this process. Advertising techniques like pay per claver advertising ensure that the advertiser only pays for the advertisements that are actually viewed. Affiliate marketing, is another technique where the consumers are directed to the required business sites and in turn these site owners receive compensations which benefits both the parties. Organizations involved in e-business have to use cost effective online advertising strategies to their advantage.Developing a Competitive Strategy By being on the online market, many organizations can analyse their data and develop a dodging to compete with other companies in the market with an effective strategy by using some of the information systems such as ERP.Better Customer Service By using the CRM application has improves the customer service. For example, on see a site there is a pop up window that enables chat window. So the customer can clear any doubts that he has. Also by paying the product cost online the customer may not have to leave their house in order to receive to product.Disadvantages of E-Business Sectoral Limitations One of the major(ip) disadvantages of E-business is growth in some sectors such as food industry for example. Customers do not want to buy food products particularly which are unpreserved because they have a fear of contamination of the product. Likewise, some other sectors are large constructional equipments Automobile and pharmacy are some of the sectors that E-business has limitations.You may not receive what you regard you have purchased.Security Some of the ricks that a customer or supplier could face in E-business is the security. The cus tomer faces risks such as financial records, personal screen and viruses whereas the supplier face risks such as viruses and hackers.But it is apparent that the advantages of E-business outsmart its limitations. Thus concluding that every business have to change their mode of deed and adopt E-business for its success and global reach.http//www.buzzle.com/articles/advantages-and-disadvantages-of-e-business.htmlInformation Systems Architecture in E-businessInformation systems architecture is in nothing but the organization development, system structure, technical jut out, and product delivery mechanisms for a business information system. Information architecture explains the physical design (Hardware, Buildings and software processes) involved in it. E-business uses many information systems in order to improve their business effectively and efficiently.The information systems used in E-business architecture are explained more detailed in the following report.Transaction Processing systems(TPS)TPS supports the observe the transactions and also cooling, storing, processing and sub-categorizing the business transactions. The primary mechanism of this system is to provide the information needed by the organization in order to run the business more effectively. Generally information systems are designed within each functional area (Support systems, External Systems) thus increasing its effectiveness though proper integration of information systems. The following diagram explains the flow of information among the function areas within the information systems through integration. Integration is an authoritative component in TPS.For example An E-business organization such as eBay has many transactions and if an electronic payment is made, the amount must be either both withdrawn from one account and added to the other account. In case of a failure preventing transaction completion, the partially executed transaction must be rolled back by the TPS.Management Informat ion Systems (MIS)MIS is the system or method that delivers information needed in an organization. This information is used in decision making processes and other important functional areas. It covers each and every aspect of the organization such as reports, technical information (sales reports, analysts reports) in a business to solve problems such as product costs, services and business strategies. Some of the features of MIS are Processes data into information.Directed towards middle managers.Information achieved is categorized accordingly so that it is easy to analyze the data when used in decision making.Executive Support Systems (ESS)ESS is also called as Enterprise Information System (EIS) that is mainly used by the senior level managers. At the top level management EIS supports strategic planning that may sometimes change the nature of the business process. The EIS information is generally Decision support system for the whole organization that helps the senior executives to analyze and monitor the data in the decision making process.Knowledge Management Systems(KMS)KMS is a kind of support systems between top level and middle level management. KMS is nothing but additional staff in organizations who act as advisors for senior and middle management. The concept of KMS is to help employees in the company to readily access the documents, information sources and solution.KMS is also responsible for finding new knowledge for the organization and integrating it with existing knowledge.

The History Of Shamanism Theology Religion Essay

The History Of Shamanism Theology Religion EssayShamanism is a wide factor in most traditional religions, some of which include the Afri finishs, native-born Americans, umpteen parts of Asia, as well as other cultures. Although the definition of a shaman differs from angiotensin-converting enzyme region to the next, the general mental lexicon definition of a shaman is A member of certain tribal societies who acts as a medium between the visible world and an invisible relish world and who practices magic or sorcery for purposes of healing, divination, and control over natural even outts. The term shaman originated in the Mongol and Turkish argona and is translated literally as one who knows which connects to their knowledge of the ways to manipulate enliven and magic. With Shamanism cosmos involved in so more diverse cultures, its difficult to give it scarcely one definition, so in this paper I leave behind go through a few of the cultures and explain their specific defi nition of shamanism and the different aspects involved in African traditional religions.African ShamanismThere are many different aspects to African shamanism. The main definition of shamanism in Africa has a good connotation and usually involves manipulation of spirits or earthly substances to heal, direct, or do beneficial report for others. Some of the specific name of these shamans are rainmakers or paradise moveers, herbalists or medicine men, and diviners. Not all people go for their sources for good works, and when a shaman begins using his or her techniques for plague doings, they then acquire the name of witch or sorcerer. Such is the case in most other cultures as well.There are two classifiable traditional religions in Africa-Zulu and Yoruba. They contract many similarities as well as differences. The Zulu stick mostly to the hills because of their geographical location, and in turn consider hills to have weird significance. Because hills have such(prenominal) sp ecial meaning, the Zulu build their towns, or kraals, on the hillsides in a circular formation with the gates facing east (do to significance of the sun), the herd in the center of the kraal, and the headman, known as the umnumzane, is on the west side of the kraal. The umnumzane has a lot of influence on the tribe. He holds the political, social and religious loss leader roles over the whole tribe, and is oftentimes a diviner.The headman of each Zulu kraal is the chief official of the village and also that mortal most directly responsible for the exploit of the ritual acts expected of all Zulu, especially those that address the ancestors.1Besides solving disputes or making decisions within his kraal, one of the umnumzanes main roles is contact with the ancestors. He pull up stakes perform all the rituals and such things to please the ancestors for e very(prenominal)one within his kraal. The ancestors play a huge part in Zulu beliefs and so the role of the umnumzane is very imp ortant. The people essential to keep the ancestors happy so that they will continue to have good fortune in their lives. According to most African traditional religions, the ancestors do not cause misfortune, barely other people do.The authority system is quite similar in the Yoruba tribes. Their political, social and religious leader is one and the same, but quite a than having a settlement on a hillside where the rituals involve all of the community under one leader, the religious obligations are put on the head of the family, or the olori ebi, and that person does the communication with the ancestors, and keeps them happy and such. Each family has its own shrine. The community still gets together as a whole to perform religious ceremonies, but it is much focused on the family.Divination is used to determine solutions to problems, to depict reasons of misfortune, or even to predict the future. In the Zulu culture, diviners must be rallyed by means of a dream or vision that is followed by aches, pains, or other bodily dysfunctions. Anyone can become a diviner, although typically women occupy the position. Once called, the person will need to be trained by an possessd diviner. The Yoruba are a bit different with their diviner. They have a priestly cast, and one part of the caste called the Orunmila specifically use divination practices to contact one particular god for answers. Like the Zulu though, the one that will become a diviner will go through extensive training from an experienced diviner.Diviners in both circumstances have many means of doing their work. They can use elements such as water, fire, bones, sticks, and so forth to find their answers, and with these objects, they have created means of interpreting the signs from each. In some circumstances, the diviners will allow themselves to be in a trance that allows them to communicate with the spirits, or even be possessed by the spirits in order to find the answers for their clients, but typic ally the diviners are the ones manipulating the spirits and getting their knowledge rather than existence used by the spirits. Once people have determined what their problem is from the diviner, they then go to a herbalist for a remedy. Herbalists could easily be translated to doctors and sue the same role in both the Zulu and Yoruba. They were trained to know well which herbs or remedies worked for the different circumstances. Part of the traditional religions is that spirits live in many of the spirit elements, and so herbalists used this theology in their works as well. They would use certain plants or locations because of the weird elements involved, and would manipulate the spirits in such a way to cure their client. Whereas most diviners are women, most herbalists are men. Knowledge of medicine is usually handed down from father to son.2Along with the passed on knowledge, herbalists were always open to new information. This includes realistic information, as well as spirit ual insights.Another form of spirit manipulation in the Zulu is the izinyanga ezulu, or heaven herders. Heaven herders are always men, and have to be called in some way by the Sky God. Their job is to control where storms and such go. They are verbalise to be disciples of the Sky God, as well as a medium between the people and the Sky God. With cattle and agriculture being a huge part of the Zulu culture, it makes sense that the sky is handled as cattle are, and that the weather needs to be controlled for the sake of those who own raise crops to feed the people. The Yoruba hold no such position, although they do also worship a similar god with their priestly cast.They (diviners) are not the only supernaturally inspired helpers people turn to for advice. galore(postnominal) consuld mediums who communicate with spirits while in a trance. Some may be possessed only once or twice in their lifetime, but others claim to be in regular contact with one or more familiars that they can iden tify by name.3The Yoruba called these people elegun. Among the Zulu, only the diviner could do such, but the with the Yoruba, anyone could be used as a medium they did not need to be a diviner.The Yoruba also have people that are called the egungun. The egungun are masked dancers that perform for the ancestors. They have special masks that are connected spiritually to the ancestors and are said to have great military force. Only men are allowed to be egungun, with the exception of one woman, who is the director or dresser. One has to earn the title of egungun by going through a certain process.While most of those positions are very open to the public and or the good of the community, some people misuse their abilities. Such people are called witches or sorcerers. Since the peoples believe that the spirits do not cause any harm, all badly things are supposedly a result from witches and sorcerers. According to the Zulu, someone could be a witch without realizing it. Their very prese nce would bring misfortune to those around them. In most cases though, in both the Zulu and the Yoruba, the witches are shaman that use their talents for evil. They twist the system from using their powers mischievously. They work secretively, and usually only at nights.Although trying to differentiate between witches and sorcerers is difficult, there are a few small means of differing them. Sorcerers tend to work only where as witches will gather together at night and work as a team. Another supposed trait of sorcerers is the ability to shape-shift. There one story of sorcerer luring a woman to fall in love with him. He offered to marry her, and on their trip back to his village the stopped for the night. During the night he transformed into a lion in order to eat her. Luckily for her, her brother did not trust the man and followed them, and proceeded to protect his sister from being eaten. Other stories tell of sorcerers taking on the form of an owl for means of escaping their h ouse silently and unknowingly. Another supposed trait of sorcerers is their ability to use the undead. They can kill a person using their black magic, and then use the persons dead body for their own use.Witches are most often depicted as using voodoo, charms and curses. Voodoo involves acquiring a part of someone, such as a hair, nail, or something of the sort, and it is added to a certain object that the witch makes. The part of the person connects them to the witches object, and the witch is able to toy with the person in this way. Charms could be an object that has been chanted over and charged with magic. A charm could be a constitution of paper with a chant written on it that could be worn, or a charm could simply be a chant itself used in moments of needed protection or other. Most often, people would get charms to protect themselves from witches curses. The last main thing that witches use is curses. Curses, hexes, spells, or whatever you may call them, have been a worry of average people for longer than history can tell. Often it is a chant said with emotion over a person to bring misfortune on them. They can be spoken in an unknown language, which is said to have more impact on the target.Native American ShamanismNative American shamanism is similar in a lot of ways, as well as different in a lot of ways. Shamans are viewed in a good way, where their work is for the better of the community. Each nation had spiritual leaders and healers each one had different beliefs of what practices were done. The Lakota believed that their spiritual leaders were in constant communication with Wakan Tanka or The Great Spirit. Their role was to seek spiritual enlightenment and secure the tribes good graces with the spirit world. They were healers of the mind and body.4They have healers-which is the same idea as herbalists-diviners, and mediators, as well as witchcraft. Native Americans have strong ties with sensuals though.To the Native Americans, the medicine men are not so much magical in their works, but they are knowledgeable people who have a greater understanding and like to think. Their natural abilities make them suited to be medicine men. Medicine men more frequently appeared in tribes that were able to be open and exchange thoughts and knowledge with other tribes. Most often fathers would pass down knowledge to their sons and so the title stayed within the family that way.The Native American divination practices differed from that of the Africans. They often used stars, and things of nature to determine the answers that were sought. Sometimes they would use a pipe, and the answers would come through their opened mind from the smoke. They still used divination in the same way as the Africans, so use the spirits to find answers for their clients.Witchcraft, although not the technical title, in the Native American tribes had a much different feel though. Rather than voodoo and curses, the Native American bad shamans worked with charms and animals. The charms again were certain made objects that had been charged with power, and were used to protect the person from evil and misfortune.The Native Americans had an interesting relationship with animals. A power animal protects you physically and provides you with emotional support, wisdom, and vital energy. Some people think a power animal is a spirit being that stays with you because it cares for you and enjoys being able to experience life in a physical body. Others think a power animal is a symbol for ones subconscious wisdom. Almost everybody has a power animal some have several. (Perhaps you had an invisible animal friend as a child or have always been fascinated with a particular genial of animal. This animal may be your power animal.) A person may in the course of life lapse contact with the power animal, thereby losing the animals protection, wisdom, and energy. If you lose contact with your power animal, you may feel dispirited, you may become sick easily, or you may be accident-prone. The shamanic healing technique of power animal recovery can restore a persons connection to a power animal. A person can also journey to find his or her own power animal.5With this emphasis on animals, often the bad shamans could be connected shape-shifters that caused issues.The main evil in Native American beliefs was evil spirits. With a belief in the ancestor spirits and animism, the Native Americans had to always keep all the spirits happy, and misfortune was often cause by spirits, thus the need for protective charms and shared power of animal spirits.ConclusionDespite having minimal contact between these 2 cultures, it is surprising that they share such similar roles. On the other hand, this shows the nature of humans over all with paranoia of spirits and bad luck, as well as the respect for ancestors. Shamanism is a big part of both cultures, and has many different aspects to it.

Transition Elements as Deep Level Dopant

Transition Elements as Deep Level DopantHIGH RESISTIVITY SILICON DEEP-LEVEL DOPING COMPENSATION USING primary GOLDINTRODUCTION1.1Research BackgroundMo zero(prenominal)eithic atomize integrated circuit (MMIC) is a microwave circuit in which some(prenominal) active and nonoperational components be fabricated on the same semiconductor substratum 1. The development of MMICs has been augmented by the blue demand for extravagantly-speed cunnings operating at microwave frequency ranging between 300 MHz and 300 GHz. Their advantages of being small, light, and cheap in large quantities have allowed the proliferation of highschool frequency devices such as cellular phones. However, a problem exit arise when standard silicon (Si) substratum is employ to operate in super high frequency environment (SHF). The high absorption of microwave power will be caused by the solid ground free carriers present in the substrate 2. Therefore, low loss and high opposition substrates are needed to eliminate the problem. It can be achieved by reducing the number of background free carriers in the substrate which result in humiliation of circuit performance.The III-V semiconductor materials such as GaAs, GaN and InP has been widely used in the production of high resistance substrates due to their wide wadgap nature. However, the wafer diameter shitd victimisation III-V materials is typically from 4 to 6 3. This add-ons the cost of production since the standard wafer diameter for modern CMOS technology is 12 4. Furthermore, the lattice-mismatch problems will complicate the assembly process, causing the cost to emergence. Therefore, Si has been considered to be an alternative material for the III-V semiconductor compound due to less(prenominal) fabrication complexity and cost. However, the background impurities such as boron will levy the silicon during monocrystalline Si growth causing the increase in substrate losses at microwave take off 5.There have been efforts to use the silicon-on-insulator (SOI) technologies and silicon-on-any thinlyg (SOA) to dominate the problem. The SOI wafers can be produced by several regularity actings silicon-on-sapphire (SOS), separation by implanted oxygen (SIMOX), bond and etch-back SOI (BESOI), modishness Cut 6, and epitaxial class transfer (ELTRAN) 7. For SOS approach, a thin film of Si is epitaxially grown on sapphire substrate as shown in jut 1.1. Meanwhile, the other four approaches use a similar impair section of SOI wafer as shown in figure 1.2(b) which consists of trinity layers SOI layer (top layer), buried oxide (BOX) layer (middle layer) and silicon substrate (bottom layer). The purpose of the BOX layer is to electrically set apart a fine layer of SOI layer (where the circuits are placed) from the rest of the Si wafer. The SIMOX approach uses implanted silicon dioxide, SiO2 layer as the BOX layer to decompose the top thin Si layer from Si substrate. condition 1.1 Cross-section of silicon-on-sa pphire (SOS) wafer 8Figure 1.2 A schematic representation of bond and etch-back (BESOI) process 9Apart from the mentioned approaches, BESOI, saucy Cut, and ELTRAN methods involve the wafer bonding proficiency. For BESOI method, the thermally oxidised Si wafer (also known as handle wafer) is bonded to another Si wafer which acts as bond wafer as shown in figure 1.2(a). After the wafer bonding process, the top wafer will be etched to obtain the required thickness for SOI layer as shown in figure 1.2(b). On the other hand, implantation of gas ions, most commonly hydrogen is made after the oxidisation process for Smart Cut method as shown in figure 1.3. The implantation process is meant for layer splitting process to achieve required thickness of SOI layer after the wafer bonding process. The processes involved in ELTRAN method is shown in figure 1.4. The ELTRAN method uses similar procedures in Smart Cut with the difference in use of double layer porous Si layer instead of implantatio n of hydrogen ions. The advantage of using Smart Cut and ELTRAN methods is that the initial wafer or seed wafer can be reused for the same process.Figure 1.3 Smart Cut process for production of SOI wafers 9Figure 1.4 ELTRAN process flow based on seed wafer reusage 7Meanwhile, the SOA technology is achieved by gluing a fully-processed SOI substrate to another substrate such as glass and alumina 10. However, the on-chip dissipation which could cause thermal breakdown had been proven to be a severe issue 11. Therefore, there is a need to look for the alternative to SOI and SOA wafers, which is the high electric resistance protrude Si substrate. In 2009, International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors (ITRS) had stressed the importance of high electric resistance Si in radio frequency (RF) and analog/mixed signal (AMS) CMOS application 12.There are generally cardinal techniques for Si crystal growth Czochralski (CZ) technique and float-zone (FZ) technique 13. A simplified versi on of CZ puller, which is an apparatus used to produce monocrystalline Si ingots for CZ technique is shown in figure 1.5. The high purity polysilicon, known as electronic grade silicon (EGS) is persisted in a rotating silica or quartz crucible. A seed crystal is placed in the melt and then slowly withdrawn from the melt. The molten silicon adhering to the crystal freezes or solidifies into a continuous crystal from the seed. The diameter of the crystal can be maintained by controlling the temperature of the crucible and the rotating speed of the crucible and the rod. However, the CZ process will introduce contamination to the monocrystalline Si due to the presence of oxygen, carbon monoxide and impurities such as boron and phosphorus.Figure 1.5 Czochralski crytal puller. CW represent clockwise rotation and CCW represents counter clockwise rotation 13The FZ process, on the other hand, produces Si crystals with lower contamination as no crucible is used in the process. FZ crystals a re mainly used for high power and high voltages devices due to its high resistor. There is a commercially unattached high resistance FZ-Si technology called HiRes 14. The pot electrical resistance of Si produced through HiRes is up to 70 k-cm, which is suitable for future GHz and THz application. However, it is not suitable for modern CMOS processing since its maximum wafer diameter is limited to 8, which will increase the cost. Therefore, there is a need to produce high resistivity good deal CZ-Si substrate due to its low fabrication cost. Therefore, CZ process is still the most widely used method in the manufacturing of single crystal silicon.In 2003, Mallik et al. 2 introduced a new root word in developing a semi-insulating silicon through a method called mysterious-level doping concentration using 3d transition elements. It showed that there is orifice to produce high resistivity plenty CZ-Si substrate using deep level doping compensation. Following this work, Mallik et al. 5 managed to produce CZ-Si raft substrate using Mn with resistivity of up to 10 k-cm. Jordan et al. has also used Au to produce CZ-Si wafer with bulk resistivity of up to 180 k-cm 15. The use of Au-compensated high resistivity bulk Si substrate has been proven by Nur Z. I. Hashim et al. to be able to suppress the parasitic surface conduction (PSC) effect 16.1.2Problem StatementThe paper introduced by Mallik et al. 2 on developing high resistivity bulk Si substrate through deep-level doping compensation is solely based on p- emblem CZ-Si. Even though high resistivity bulk Si substrate has been proven to be achievable using p-type CZ-Si, it has been shown in the work by Jordan et al. 15 that higher magnitude of Au-compensated high resistivity bulk Si substrate can be achieved by using n-type CZ-Si. The potential and problem of using transition elements other than Au as the deep level dopants to produce high resistivity bulk n-type CZ-Si substrate have not been discussed by the work mentioned above.1.3Objectives of ResearchThere are three main objectives that must be met in this research standTo investigate the potential of using transition elements as deep level dopant for n-type Si substrate as compared to p-type Si substrate.To analyse the result obtained through numerical calculation using MATLAB by comparing it with the experimental data.To make comparative study on the resistivity and effectiveness of the high resistivity bulk substrate produced using n-type CZ-Si with other materials such as III-V semiconductor materials.1.4Scope of ResearchThe scope of this project is to analyse the resistivity plot generated by numerical calculation using MATLAB. The potential and effectiveness of each of the transition elements as deep level dopants for n-type CZ-Si will be discussed in this work. The fabrication and experiment of high resistivity bulk n-type CZ-Si substrate will not be conducted in this work. The experimental data used for comparison with the r esult of numerical calculation is obtained from Dr. Nur Zatil Ismah Hashim which was done at Southampton Nanofabrication Centre in 2015.LITERATURE REVIEW2.1IntroductionThere are several methods to produce high resistivity bulk Si substrate, namely proton implantation method, helium-3 ion tool and deep-level doping compensation method. Both proton implantation method and helium-3 ion pecker use the charge housings to reduce the current conduction by background free carriers. Meanwhile, the deep-level doping compensation method use the deep dopants to compensate the change dopants in the Si substrate.2.2Proton nidation MethodOne of the methods to increase the resistivity of CZ-Si substrate is through proton implantation method. The bombardment of protons into Si bulk structure will create defects which can pickle mobile carriers. Therefore, the carrier lifetime is low due to the presence of defects, which prevents the mobile carriers from conducting current freely in the substrat e. Table 2.1 summarizes the studies conducted to produce high resistivity bulk CZ-Si substrate using proton implantation method.Table 2.1 Studies on high resistivity bulk CZ-Si substrate using proton implantation method.ContributorYearProton Implantation qualification (MeV)Resistivity of the Produced Substrate (-cm)Li19890.18103Liao et al.199830106Wu et al.200010106Rashid et al.200217.4105In 1989, Li 17 managed to produce a high resistivity layer beneath Si surface layer using proton implantation and two-step annealing process. The implantation of proton and annealing process formed the buried defect layer with a resistivity of up to 103 -cm. Meanwhile, Liao et al. created semi-insulating pieces within silicon substrate with a resistivity of 1 M-cm 18. It was achieved by bombarding proton beams at 30 MeV from a compact ion cyclotron to the surface of Si substrate. Following this work, the Si substrate with similar resistivity had been produced by Wu et al. using a lower proton imp lantation dynamism, which is 10 MeV 19. In 2002, Rashid et al. reported a Si substrate with a resistivity of 0.1 M-cm produced through their six-step implantation method using an implantation power of 17.4 MeV 20.The high-Q inductors and high transmission gain integrated advance have been realised on the high resistivity Si substrate by Liao et al. and Rashid et al. respectively 18, 20. However, the high process cost is needed for proton implantation method as an enormous dose of 1015 cm-2 to maintain the resistivity of the originally 15 -cm Si substrate to be higher than 1014 -cm 21.2.3Helium-3 Ion Irradiation TechniqueIn 1987, helium-3 ion dick technique has been used for carrier lifetime control of silicon power devices 22. The charge trappings created by the helium irradiation and Coulomb scattering of the aerated trap will prevent the conduction of current by free mobile carriers in the substrate 23. Therefore, a high resistivity Si bulk substrate can be realised by the red uction in carrier lifetime.In 2014, N. Li et al. reported a high resistivity region created within CZ-Si substrate with a resistivity of everywhere 1.5 k-cm using a dose of 1.51013 cm-2 of helium-3 ions 24. The produced high resistivity Si substrate has been used by N. Li et al. in both work for substrate noise isolation improvement in a CMOS process and quality factor improvement in on-chip spiral inductors 24, 25. R. Wu et al. has also used helium-3 ion irradiation technique in their work on radiation efficiency improvement in 60-GHz on-chip dipole antenna 23.The helium-3 ion irradiation technique has the advantage of saving the product cost up to 97% as compared to proton implantation method by reducing the dose amount from 1.01015 cm-2 to 1.51013 cm-2 24, 25. However, the helium-3 ion irradiation technique is comparably less studied and the problem associated with this technique has not been discussed in the work mentioned above.2.4Deep-Level Doping Compensation MethodThe idea of creating high resistivity bulk CZ-Si substrate using deep-level doping compensation has been proposed by Mallik et al. in 2003 2. The basic principle of this method is compensating shallow impurities with deep impurities, i.e. shallow presenters are being compensated by deep acceptors (as shown in figure 2.1) whereas shallow acceptors are being compensated by deep donors (as shown in figure 2.2).Figure 2.1 Compensation between shallow donors and deep acceptors 26Figure 2.2 Compensation between shallow acceptors and deep donors 26As illustrated in figure 2.1, deep acceptors introduced an energy level at EA, which is close to the unalienable Fermi level. The deep acceptors which are negatively charged attract the minority carrier holes to be pin down at EA level. The electrons from shallow donors are initially phrenetic to the conduction slew, then fall to EA level to recombine with the holes. On the other hand, the positively charged deep donors introduced an energy level at ED as shown in figure 2.2. The minority carrier electrons are attracted and trapped at ED level while the holes from shallow acceptors will fall into valence band. The trapped electrons at ED level then fall into valence band to recombine with the holes. Therefore, there is no generation of free carriers which reduces the resistivity of the substrate in both cases.Figure 2.3 shows the resistivity of Si at 300K with a background boron concentration of 1014 cm-3, compensated using deep donor impurities with generic energy level positions below conduction band edge, ED. It can be observed that the resistivity of Si increases until a maximum value is reached while the concentration of deep donors, ND increases. The resistivity is low initially due to undercompensation caused by insufficient number of deep donors. The maximum value of the resistivity of Si is reached when deep donors simply compensate the boron acceptors. Further increase in ND causes overcompensation which results in a fall in the resistivity of Si, making the substrate tends to become n-type.Figure 2.3 Calculated resistivity of Si at 300K as a function of generic donor concentration for background boron concentration of 1014 cm-3 2Table 2.2 Positions of energy levels of transition elements in Si 27ElementDonor level below EC (eV)Acceptor level above EV (eV)Co0.890.82Pd0.840.9Au0.780.56Ag0.750.545V0.450.92Mn0.421.0Pt0.3140.889It can be noted that the resistivity peaks are sharper for ED which is lower than 0.3 eV while the resistivity the Great Compromiser high over a range of relatively low concentration values for larger values of ED. For small values of ED, almost all donors are ionised and take part in the compensation since the donor energy level is closer to the conduction band than Fermi level. A slight increase in ND causes the resistivity to decrease sharply, changing the material to n-type. Meanwhile, for large values of ED, the donor level is near intrinsic Fermi level and less fract ion of deep donors is ionised. Therefore, the compensation change gradually with the increase in ND and the resistivity remain high over a wide range of ND.The transition elements are used as deep level dopants as they introduce a pair of deep donor and deep acceptor levels into the Si band gap as shown in table 2.2. The deep dopant energy levels introduced by the transition elements pin the Fermi level near the middle of the Si band gap as shown in figure 2.4 15. Thus, high resistivity CZ-Si substrate can be achieved by capturing the free carriers by deep impurities, which reduces the concentration of background free carrier.Figure 2.4 Fermi level pin by deep levels introduced by transition elements 15Figure 2.5 Calculated resistivity of Si at 300K as a function of Au, Ag, Co and Pd for three different background boron concentration in cm-3 2Figure 2.6 Calculated resistivity of Si at 300K as a function of (a) Pt (b) V and (c) Mn concentrations for three different background boron c oncentrations in cm-3 2Figure 2.7 Calculated resistivity of Si as a function of Au concentration for n-type and p-type Si with a shallow doping concentration of 1014 cm-3 28The transition element dopants are generally grouped into two categories Au, Ag, Co and Pd are in first category whereas Pt, V and Mn are in second category. As illustrated in figure 2.5, the resistivity of p-type CZ-Si substrate increases with increasing concentration of the deep dopants in first category. The behaviour of impurities in first category is due to presence of both deep donor and acceptor levels very near intrinsic Fermi level of Si bandgap. For Au and Ag, the resistivity of Si reaches a plateau at the concentration of deep dopants over 1016 cm-3 for three different background boron concentration. The reason for the slight difference in the behaviour of Au and Ag is that the both donor and acceptor level is nearer to the middle in the Si bandgap as compared to Co and Pd.For the second category of de ep dopants, the resistivity of p-type CZ-Si reaches a peak and then reduce sharply with the increase in the concentration of the deep dopants as shown in figure 2.6. The reason of the difference in the behaviour is that the impurities in second category have all donor or acceptor level near the intrinsic Fermi level. Therefore, the dopants in second category can only compensate for a single type of doped silicon substrate.The effect of using 3d transition elements as deep level dopants in n-type CZ-Si substrate has not been shown in the work by Mallik et al. Meanwhile, it is shown in the work by Jordan et al. that higher bulk resistivity of Au-compensated Si substrate can be achieved by using n-type CZ-Si as shown in figure 2.7 28. The n-type Au-compensated Si substrate with resistivity up to 70 k-cm has been used by Nur Z. I. Hashim et al. for realisation of coplanar waveguides (CPW) on the substrate 29. Therefore, the potential and problem of using 3d transition elements for deep level compensation in n-type CZ-Si substrate will be discussed in this work.2.5SummaryThe realisation of high resistivity bulk Si substrate using proton implantation method and helium-3 ion irradiation technique was studied. The fabrication of high-Q inductors and antenna has been done on the Si substrate produced using both methods. However, there are problems associated with both methods such as high product cost for proton implantation method and being comparably less studied for helium-3 ion irradiation. Therefore, the idea of creating a semi-insulating silicon substrate using deep-level doping compensation with 3d transition elements was proposed by Mallik et al. in 2003. The deep-level doping compensation method has since been well studied and used for the fabrication of coplanar waveguides and inductors by Nur Z. I. Hashim et al.References1I. D. Robertson and S. Lucyszyn, RFIC and MMIC Design and Technology. IET, 2001.2K. Mallik, R. J. Falster, and P. R. Wilshaw, Semi-insul ating silicon using deep level impurity doping problems and potential, Semicond. Sci. Technol., vol. 18, no. 6, p. 517, 2003.3Products Capabilities EpiWorks, EpiWorks. Online. Available http//www.epiworks.com/products-capabilities/. Accessed 28-Feb-2017.4Global Manufacturing at Intel, Intel. Online. Available http//www.intel.co.uk/content/www/uk/en/architecture-and-technology/global-manufacturing.html?wapkw=wafer+size_ga=1.16867193.1775779534.1436014173. Accessed 28-Feb-2017.5K. Mallik, C. H. De Groot, P. Ashburn, and P. R. Wilshaw, Enhancement of resistivity of Czochralski silicon by deep level manganese doping, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 89, no. 11, p. 3, 2006.6Smart Cut technology, Smart Choice Soitec, Soitec. Online. Available https//www.soitec.com/en/products/smart-cut. Accessed 28-Feb-2017.7T. Yonehara and K. Sakaguchi, ELTRAN Novel SOI Wafer Technology, vol. 4, no. 4, pp. 10-16, 2001.8S. Iwamatsu and M. Ogawa, Silicon-on-sapphire m.o.s.f.e.t.s fabricated by back-surface las er-anneal technology, Electron. Lett., vol. 15, no. 25, pp. 827-828, 1979.9G. K. Celler and S. Cristoloveanu, Frontiers of silicon-on-insulator, J. Appl. Phys., vol. 93, no. 9, pp. 4955-4978, 2003.10R. Dekker, P. G. M. Baltus, and H. G. R. Maas, Substrate transfer for RF technologies, IEEE Trans. Electron twists, vol. 50, no. 3, pp. 747-757, 2003.11N. Nenadovic, V. DAlessandro, L. K. Nanver, F. Tamigi, N. Rinaldi, and J. W. Slotboom, A back-wafer contacted silicon-on-glass integrated bipolar process. Part II. A original analysis of thermal breakdown, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 51-62, 2004.12RF and AMS tech for wireless communications, International Technology Roadmap for Semiconductors, 2009. Online. Available http//www.itrs2.net/itrs-reports.html. Accessed 28-Feb-2017.13S. M. Sze, Semiconductor Devices Physics and Technology, 2nd ed. New York John Wiley and Sons, 2002.14High resistivity silicon for GHz and THz technology, Topsil. Online. Available http//www .topsil.com/en/silicon-products/silicon-wafer-products/hiresTM.aspx. Accessed 28-Feb-2017.15D. M. Jordan, R. H. Haslam, K. Mallik, and P. R. Wilshaw, The Development of Semi-Insulating Silicon Substrates for Microwave Devices, Electrochem. Soc., vol. 16, no. 6, pp. 41-56, 2008.16N. Z. I. Hashim, A. Abuelgasim, and C. H. De Groot, Suppression of parasitic surface conduction in Au-compensated high resistivity silicon for 40-GHz RF-MMIC application, 2014 Asia-Pacific Microw. Conf., pp. 55-57, 2014.17J. Li, Novel semiconductor substrate formed by hydrogen ion implantation into silicon, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 55, no. 21, pp. 2223-2224, 1989.18C. Liao et al., Method of creating local semi-insulating regions on silicon wafers for device isolation and realization of high-Q inductors, IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. 19, no. 12, pp. 461-462, 1998.19Y. H. Wu et al., Fabrication of very high resistivity Si with low loss and cross talk, IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. 21, no. 9, pp. 442-444, 2000.20A. B. M. H. Rashid, S. Watanabe, and T. Kikkawa, High transmission gain integrated antenna on extremely high resistivity Si for ULSI wireless interconnect, IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. 23, no. 12, pp. 731-733, 2002.21L. S. Lee et al., Isolation on Si wafers by MeV proton bombardment for RF integrated circuits, IEEE Trans. Electron Devices, vol. 48, no. 5, pp. 928-935, 2001.22W. Wondrak and A. Boos, Helium Implantation for Lifetime Control in Silicon Power Devices, ESSDERC 87 17th Eur. Solid State Device Res. Conf., pp. 649-652, 1987.23R. Wu et al., A 60-GHz efficiency-enhanced on-chip dipole antenna using helium-3 ion implantation process, 2014 44th Eur. Microw. Conf., pp. 108-111, 2014.24N. Li et al., High-Q inductors on locally semi-insulated Si substrate by helium-3 bombardment for RF CMOS integrated circuits, 2014 Symp. VLSI Technol. Dig. Tech. Pap., pp. 1-2, 2014.25N. Li et al., Substrate noise isolation improvement by helium-3 ion irradiation technique in a triple-w ell CMOS process, 2015 45th Eur. Solid State Device Res. Conf., pp. 254-257, 2015.26J. D. Puksec and V. Gradisnik, Influence of shallow impurity on steady-state probability function of multilevel deep impurity, 2000 tenth Mediterr. Electrotech. Conf. Inf. Technol. Electrotechnol. Mediterr. Countries. Proc., vol. I, pp. 185-188, 2000.27W. Schroeter and M. Seibt, Deep Levels of Transition Metal Impurities in c-Si, in Properties of Crystalline Silicon, R. Hull, Ed. London INSPEC IEE, 1999, p. 561.28D. M. Jordan, K. Mallik, R. J. Falster, and P. R. Wilshaw, Semi-Insulating Silicon for Microwave Devices, Solid State Phenom., vol. 156-158, pp. 101-106, 2009.29N. Z. I. Hashim, A. Abuelgasim, and C. H. De Groot, Coplanar waveguides on gold-doped high resistivity silicon for 67-GHz microwave application, RFM 2013 2013 IEEE Int. RF Microw. Conf. Proc., pp. 274-277, 2013.

Why Parents Should Home School Essay example -- Essays Papers

Why P arnts Should Home SchoolWhen Americans think of education, they almost automatically think of common education. However, education in our public schools has been on a mountain slope for over twenty years now. This is beca commit many parents today are deciding to rest al-Qaida school their children. Although most people think that a public education is better, statistics and facts tend to show that home schooling is beneficial in more ways.Since the beginning of civilization, children have been learning in and with their families. Children learned how to survive and suck in a living through life with their families and in the community. Parents taught their children everything they needed to know or established them in private school or apprenticeships. Until about 150 years ago, this was considered the norm of society (Lahrson-Fisher 49). The term home schooling began to flourish in the 1970s when it found a place in the dictionary. For many people, this was the o nly option because public schools were too far away to attend. There is over a fifteen percent rise in home schooled students each year. A majority of home schooled students are white middle-class families, but minorities are finding that this option is also better for their children (School Choice).It is estimated that there are currently two million children home schooled in the United States (School Choice). The number of children being homeschooled increased from 32,804 in 2000 to 53,216 in 2003 (Brown 1). There are ternion basic reasons parents keeps their children out of public schools. First, they think that raising their children is their business and not the governments. Second, they enjoy being with their children and watching and helpin... ... admissions policies for children that are taught at home (School Choice). What was once looked depressed upon has become a popular alternative to public schooling. There various reasons why children should be home schoole d. Children will have time for sporting activities, musical comedy groups, church and youth organizations, field trips, volunteer opportunities, arts and crafts workshops, neighborhood activities and more. Home schooling provides time for family support of critical areas of social development love, self-discipline, security, independence, and responsible use of freedoms (Lahrson-Fisher 24). Current statistics and facts show that home schooling is highly beneficial. Parents simply want is the best for their child. Through home schooling, this want can be met. In closing, home schooling offers numerous advantages and opportunities over public schools.

Karl Marx :: essays research papers

Karl Marx was the father of laissez-faire which means the survival of the fittest. Those who develop the about complex of societies, those with the most money and power are considered the fittest and have triumphed over the inferior. This occurs in order for community to move forward and create a fetch ethic for members of the working class to follow. This may only occur for members of the dominant group. Those who are non-white and non-male may not experience the same benefits. Poverty a signboard of inferiority because they dont have the power the fittest have.Those who owned the means of production were the fit individuals because this gave them power over the lower classes. Spencer argued against government interference to serve well the lower classes, he said that this would only go against the vivid evolution of mankind. The Welfare system, in Spencers critique is a system to help the parasites of society to survive. They drain the system that the capitalists have built. Over time these unfit classes would either improve or die off.Simple societies were like infants, which would either grow up, aided, ideally by the example of more advances adults, or not evolve and therefore die off. (Social Theory for a Change, P.53).These ideas were from a capitalist prospective. Spencer felt that an entirely impeccant market could work Marxs laissez-faire ideas backed the idea that government interference or regulation would once again only inhibit the natural evolution of society.Only laissez-faire (Free economy) capitalism, which permitted individuals to profit as they saw fit, would allow human happiness and further societal progress (P.49)Spencers ideas were imperialist because they aver that only the strongest/fittest of societies will last over time and inferior nations wouldnt be able to adapt to the changing world and would eventually disappear.